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Mars Phoenix Lander Finally Samples Ice

The mission of NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander has officially been extended for one month beyond its original mission, NASA announced today, as mission scientists also celebrated the news that a sample of ice was finally delivered to one of the lander's instruments.
"I'm very happy to announce that we've gotten an ice sample," said the University of Arizona's William Boynton, co-investigator for Phoenix's Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer, which heats up samples and analyzes the vapors they give off to determine their composition.
The news that ice had fallen into TEGA came on Thursday morning, surprising scientists who had run into problems delivering a sample of the icy dirt because of its unexpected stickiness.
"There were champagne corks popping in the downlink room," Boynton said during a NASA briefing from the University of Arizona at Tucson, where mission control is currently based. "It's something we've been waiting a long time for."
When scientists tried to deliver samples of icy dirt scraped up from the Snow White trench and deliver it to TEGA last week, the sample stuck to the scoop of Phoenix's robotic arm, with only a few tiny pieces of ice falling onto the oven screen.
Scientists decided to deliver a second sample of dry dirt to the oven while they revised their sample delivery method.
The dry sample was scooped up and delivery to the oven was confirmed yesterday.
When scientists began heating up the sample, the signal confirmed that "we got a little bit of ice mixed in with this sample," Boynton said.
Scientists could detect the water ice in the sample because when water begins to melt, more heat is needed to raise the temperature of the sample.
Boynton said he initially dubbed the sample "Wicked Witch" after the witch in "Hansel in Gretel" who met her end when she was shoved into an oven.
While donning a green costume witch hat, to the laughter of those in the briefing room, he said perhaps he should have named it for the witch in "The Wizard of Oz," famous for her dying line, "I'm melting..."
Panoramic view
Phoenix has also completed its color panorama view of its landing site, made of images taken with its Surface Stereo Imager.
The images show the Martian terrain in the high arctic regions, which is relatively flat with few rocks and the hummocks and troughs that indicate subsurface ice.
"Essentially it's an ice-dominated terrain," said Mark Lemmon of Texas A&M University, lead scientist for Phoenix Surface Stereo Imager.
The completion of the panorama was one of the criteria Phoenix had to meet to achieve mission success, which Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith said should be completely met by the end of the lander's primary mission of 90 sols, or Martian days.
Michael Meyer, chief scientist with Mars Exploration Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., said that the mission would be extended through sol 124, or Sept. 30.
The mission extension will tack another $2 million onto the $420 million mission.
By Nipuna Rangika(Club President)

NASA Study Says Water Flowed Freely On Mars

A study published in the July 17 issue of Nature shows that large ancient highlands of Mars contain clay minerals, which needed water to form. Volcanic lava buried the highlands, which cover about half of Mars' surface, but craters later exposed them in thousands of locations, NASA said.

NASA said the minerals record the interaction between water and rocks about 4.6 billion to 3.8 billion years ago, soon after scientists believe the solar system formed. Scientists based their findings on information from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on the Reconnaissance Orbiter.

"The big surprise from these new results is how pervasive and long-lasting Mars' water was, and how diverse the wet environments were," Scott Murchie, CRISM's principal investigator at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, said in an announcement.

John Mustard, a member of the CRISM team from Brown University, and lead author of the Nature study, said many rocks were slightly altered by water, "but in a few locations they have been so altered that a great deal of water must have flushed though the rocks and soil.

"This is really exciting because we're finding dozens of sites where future missions can land to understand if Mars was ever habitable and if so, to look for signs of past life," he said.

An earlier study, published in the June 2 issue of Nature Geosciences, concluded wet conditions existed on Mars thousands to millions of years after the clays formed. Scientists believe that rivers flowed through the highlands and through a delta into a crater lake a little larger Lake Tahoe in California.

"The distribution of clays inside the ancient lakebed shows that standing water must have persisted for thousands of years," Bethany Ehlmann, CRISM's team member and lead author of the study of an ancient lake on Mars, said. "Clays are wonderful at trapping and preserving organic matter, so if life ever existed in this region, there's a chance of its chemistry being preserved in the delta."

Murchie said his team will use the findings to create a list of sites to explore and search for organic chemistry and "perhaps determine whether life ever existed on Mars."

NASA

This map centered on the north pole of Mars is based on gamma rays from the element hydrogen -- mainly in the form of water ice. Regions of high ice content are shown in violet and blue and those low in ice content are shown in red. The very ice-rich region at the north pole is due to a permanent polar cap of water ice on the surface. Elsewhere in this region, the ice is buried under several to a few tens of centimeters of dry soil. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/UA

Mars is a cold desert planet with no liquid water on its surface. But in the Martian arctic, water ice lurks just below ground level. Discoveries made by the Mars Odyssey Orbiter in 2002 show large amounts of subsurface water ice in the northern arctic plain. The Phoenix lander targets this circumpolar region using a robotic arm to dig through the protective top soil layer to the water ice below and ultimately, to bring both soil and water ice to the lander platform for sophisticated scientific analysis.

The complement of the Phoenix spacecraft and its scientific instruments are ideally suited to uncover clues to the geologic history and biological potential of the Martian arctic. Phoenix will be the first mission to return data from either polar region providing an important contribution to the overall Mars science strategy "Follow the Water" and will be instrumental in achieving the four science goals of NASA's long-term Mars Exploration Program.

--Determine whether Life ever arose on Mars

--Characterize the Climate of Mars

--Characterize the Geology of Mars

--Prepare for Human Exploration

The Phoenix Mission has two bold objectives to support these goals, which are to (1) study the history of water in the Martian arctic and (2) search for evidence of a habitable zone and assess the biological potential of the ice-soil boundary.
Nipuna Rangika

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About MARS PHEONIX

Pheonix Launch

Mars Phoenix Lander Finally Samples Ice

Pheonix Land on Mars

NASA Study Says Water Flowed Freely On Mars

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